Moolchand Kharaiti Ram Hospital

VSD Device Closure VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) device closure is a minimally invasive, non-surgical procedure used to seal a "hole in the heart" between the two lower chambers (ventricles). Unlike traditional open-heart surgery, this procedure is performed entirely through a catheter, resulting in no chest scars and a significantly faster recovery. This advanced technique allows for the permanent repair of the heart's internal wall without the need for a heart-lung bypass machine. When You Should Consider VSD Device Closure Muscular VSDs: This is the primary treatment for holes located

Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) is a minimally invasive procedure used to open a narrowed carotid artery—the primary blood vessel in the neck that supplies the brain. By using a metal mesh stent to widen the artery, this procedure restores healthy blood flow and significantly reduces the risk of a future stroke. It is often a preferred alternative to open surgery (endarterectomy) for patients with complex anatomy or high-risk medical conditions. When You Should Consider Carotid Artery Stenting Significant Stenosis: Blockage of more than 70% in patients without sy

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter Placement Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter Placement is a minimally invasive procedure to insert a small, cage-like metal device into the body's largest vein (the IVC). Its purpose is to trap blood clots traveling from the legs or pelvis before they can reach the heart and lungs, thereby preventing a life-threatening Pulmonary Embolism (PE). While blood thinners remain the standard treatment, this transcatheter technique has expanded significantly for patients who cannot safely take anticoagulants. When You Should Consider IVC Filter Placement Active bleeding

Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat aortic aneurysms, most commonly Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA). By placing a stent graft inside the weakened portion of the aorta, the procedure creates a new pathway for blood flow, effectively "re-lining" the vessel to prevent a life-threatening rupture. EVAR is the preferred treatment for patients with suitable anatomy, offering a safer alternative to traditional open surgery. When You Should Consider EVAR Aneurysm Size: When the diameter exceeds 5.5 cm in me

Renal Artery Stenting (Vascular Surgery) Renal Artery Stenting is a minimally invasive procedure used to open blockages in the arteries that supply blood to your kidneys. It is primarily used to treat Renal Artery Stenosis (narrowing of the kidney arteries), which can lead to uncontrolled high blood pressure and kidney damage. This procedure remains a critical intervention for preserving kidney function and managing resistant hypertension when medication alone is insufficient. When You Should Consider Renal Artery Stenting High blood pressure that remains uncontrolled despite taking three o

Peripheral Angioplasty (Vascular Surgery) Peripheral Angioplasty, also known as Peripheral Vascular Intervention, is a minimally invasive procedure used to open blocked or narrowed arteries in the legs. This is the primary treatment for Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), where plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) restricts blood flow, causing leg pain, cramping, or "heavy legs." While bypass surgery remains an option for long-segment blockages, advanced drug-coated balloons and atherectomy devices have significantly improved non-surgical outcomes. When You Should Consider Peripheral Angioplasty P

Balloon Valvotomy Balloon Valvotomy, also known as balloon valvuloplasty, is a minimally invasive, non-surgical procedure used to widen a heart valve that has become narrowed or stiff (stenosis). This procedure remains the primary alternative to open-heart surgery for treating Mitral and Pulmonary valve obstructions. The technique involves using a specialized balloon catheter to stretch the valve leaflets apart, restoring efficient blood flow through the heart. When You Should Consider Balloon Valvotomy Severe Mitral Stenosis, often caused by rheumatic heart disease, limiting physical activ

Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Closure Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) Closure is a specialized procedure designed to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AFib). In AFib, the heart's upper chambers beat irregularly, which can cause blood to pool and form clots in a small, thumb-sized pouch called the left atrial appendage. This procedure serves as a primary alternative for patients who cannot tolerate long-term blood thinners. When You Should Consider LAA Closure Stroke Risk: Increased risk of stroke specifically due to non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Bleeding Histor

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure is a procedure to seal an abnormal opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart: the aorta and the pulmonary artery. In a normal heart, this vessel (the ductus arteriosus) closes naturally shortly after birth; if it stays open, it can cause too much blood to flow to the lungs, straining the heart. While surgical ligation remains necessary for specific cases, transcatheter (minimally invasive) techniques have become the gold standard for most children and adults. When You Should Consider PDA Clos

MitraClip Therapy MitraClip therapy, also known as Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair (TEER), is a minimally invasive, catheter-based procedure used to treat Mitral Regurgitation (MR). This is a condition where the heart's mitral valve does not close tightly, causing blood to leak backward into the heart. In 2026, this remains a vital option for patients who are at high risk for traditional open-heart surgery. When You Should Consider MitraClip Severe symptomatic mitral regurgitation that limits daily activity. Heart failure symptoms like shortness of breath or fatigue that persist despite

Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) Angioplasty Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) Angioplasty, also known as CTO PCI, is a specialized, minimally invasive procedure used to open a coronary artery that has been 100% blocked for three months or longer. Historically considered too complex for standard stenting, advances now allow interventional cardiologists to treat these "final frontier" blockages with high success rates. The procedure restores blood flow to heart muscle that is still viable but "starving" for oxygen. When You Should Consider CTO Angioplasty Lifestyle-limiting chest pain (angina) that

Bifurcation Stenting Bifurcation Stenting is a complex procedure used when a coronary artery blockage occurs at a branch point, where a main vessel divides into two. These cases account for approximately 15–20% of all angioplasties and are technically demanding due to the risk of closing the "side branch" while treating the main vessel. While surgical repair remains a "gold standard" for some cases, transcatheter techniques for complex branch points have expanded significantly. When You Should Consider Bifurcation Stenting Blockages located precisely where a main heart artery divides into t

Intravascular Lithotripsy (IVL) Intravascular Lithotripsy (IVL) is an advanced plaque modification technique that uses sonic shockwaves to break up severe coronary artery calcification. It is particularly effective for "stone-like" blockages that standard balloons cannot expand. This technology has expanded significantly for treating complex, hardened defects that were previously difficult to manage with traditional methods. When You Should Consider IVL Severely calcified "stone-like" blockages identified during imaging. Evidence of significant heart overload or left-sided heart enlargeme

Rotablation (Rotational Atherectomy) Rotablation, also known as Rotational Atherectomy, is a specialized cardiac procedure used to treat coronary arteries that have become "stone-hard" due to severe calcium buildup. When plaque is heavily calcified, standard balloon angioplasty may fail to expand the artery, potentially leading to balloon rupture or inadequate stent deployment. This high-speed drilling technique is essential for modifying plaque to make the artery flexible enough for a stent to be placed successfully. When You Should Consider Rotablation Severely Calcified Arteries: When im

Drug-Eluting Stent (DES) Placement A Drug-Eluting Stent (DES) is a small, metal mesh tube coated with specialized medication that is permanently placed in a narrowed heart artery. It is the most common type of stent used to treat Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). These devices are designed to provide both mechanical support and controlled drug release to ensure long-term arterial health. When You Should Consider DES Placement Chronic Chest Pain (Angina): Pain or pressure that limits physical activity. Significant Blockages: Evidence of arterial narrowing found during an echocardiogram or str

Echocardiography and Cardiac Catheterization Echocardiography and Cardiac Catheterization are the two primary diagnostic pillars used to evaluate heart health. While both provide essential data on how the heart is functioning, they differ significantly in their approach: one uses sound waves to "see" the heart from the outside, while the other involves navigating a thin tube through the blood vessels to examine the heart from the inside. Together, these tools allow cardiologists to diagnose everything from valve issues to complex arterial blockages with extreme precision. When You Should Consi

Pericardiectomy (Cardiology) Pericardiectomy is a surgical procedure to remove part or all of the pericardium, the thin sac surrounding the heart. This surgery is performed to allow the heart to move and pump freely when the sac has become diseased, scarred, or restrictive. When You Should Consider Pericardiectomy Persistent fatigue or weakness during physical exertion Significant swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen (edema) Shortness of breath, especially when lying down or exercising Chronic chest pain that does not improve with medication Signs of heart failure caused by a re

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Closure Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) closure is a specialized cardiac procedure performed to repair a hole in the septum, which is the wall separating the heart's upper chambers. This treatment is essential for restoring normal blood flow, preventing the heart from overworking, and reducing the risk of long term complications such as pulmonary hypertension or stroke. When You Should Consider ASD Closure Persistent shortness of breath, especially during exercise or physical activity. Frequent respiratory infections or lung issues. Chronic fatigue or low energy le

Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) Coronary Angioplasty, also known as Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA), is a minimally invasive procedure used to open clogged heart arteries. While surgical bypass remains an option for multi-vessel disease, transcatheter techniques using drug-eluting stents have expanded to treat even complex blockages, restoring vital blood flow to the heart muscle. When You Should Consider PTCA Refractory Angina: Chest pain that does not improve with standard medication. Exertional Dyspnea: Shortness of breath during physical activity or exercise. Posit

TMVI/TMVR (Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement) TMVI (Transcatheter Mitral Valve Implantation) and TMVR (Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement) are minimally invasive procedures used to replace a diseased mitral valve without the need for traditional open-heart surgery. These procedures are typically reserved for high-risk patients with severe Mitral Regurgitation (a leaking valve) or Mitral Stenosis (a narrowed valve) who may not tolerate a standard sternotomy. When You Should Consider TMVI / TMVR Severe Mitral Regurgitation: When the mitral valve does not close tightly, causing blood

TAVI/TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement) (Cardiology) Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), also known as TAVR, is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat severe aortic stenosis. As of 2026, it has become a standard of care for patients across all surgical risk categories—from high-risk to low-risk—offering an alternative to traditional open-heart surgery. When You Should Consider TAVI/TAVR Diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis causing restricted blood flow Chest pain (angina) or tightness during physical activity Frequent shortness of breath or feeling easily win